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Drinking water protected areas are bodies of surface water or groundwater:(i) used, or planned to be used, for the abstraction of water intended for human consumption; and(ii) providing, or planned to provide, a total of more than 10 cubic metres of water per day on average, or serving, or planne
The regulation of metals in the aquatic environment through the use of environmental quality standards (EQSs) presents a challenge to environmental regulators.
By accounting for bioavailability in assessing metal compliance against an EQS, it is possible to provide the most environmentally and ecologically relevant metric of metal risk.
This paper provides guidance on the spatial and scale issues that should be considered in the assessment of data and classification of groundwater bodies, as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Groundwater Daughter Directive (GWD).
Aquatic benthic invertebrates, of which chironomids are the largest family, are good indicators of nutrient enrichment and can be used to assess lake water quality. Passively drifting pupal skins accumulating at the lake leeward shore are easily collected.
Macrophytes provide habitats for fish and smaller animals; they bind sediments, protect banks, absorb nutrients and provide oxygenation. Macrophytes can indicate the impact of increased nutrients in lakes and are also influenced by other pressures such as water level change or acidification.
This classification method encompasses fish abundance, taxonomic composition and age structure.
The aquatic environment is sensitive to damage from a wide range of chemicals.
A key aspect of Water Framework Classification is the determination of hydrological and morphological High Status of water bodies.